INTRODUCTION
Supramolecular chemistry, first proposed by Jean-Marie Lehn in the presentation lecture for the 1987 Nobel prize in Chemistry awarded jointly to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen, is defined as “chemistry beyond the molecule”, bearing on the organized entities of higher complexity that arises from the association of two or more chemical species combined by intermolecular forces,[1,2] so-called noncovalent or supramolecular interactions,[3] including molecular recognition,[4,5] host-guest interactions,[5−8] π-π stacking,[9−12] and hydrogen bonding,[12−15] etc. Rather than the classical molecular chemistry based on covalently bonding between two or more atoms, the supramolecular chemistry adopts the approach of molecular self-assembly based on supramolecular interactions to produce supramolecular architecture or assemblies varying in size, and/or composition.[10,16] Supramolecular polymer is a kind of material connecting chemically dissimilar polymers into a larger and dynamic macromolecular architecture.[16−18] Superior to the traditional way to produce polymer materials,[19−22] the supramolecular polymer would provide a greater platform for fabricating polymer materials with highly tunable properties, such as environmental adaptation[23] and self-repairing,[24] etc.
Inspired by the capacity of supramolecular polymers to self-assembled into complex or hierarchical microstructures with diverse functions, growing attention has been paid to design the constructing blocks as well as the corresponding supramolecular interactions to manipulate the supramolecular self-assembly behaviors.[25−31] For example, Gruschwitz et al.[30] demonstrated that the phase transitions from spherical to cylindrical morphologies in aqueous solutions can significantly be shifted to favor the assembly of supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes by introducing the strong directed hydrogen bonds to an amphiphilic polymer. Thanks to the strong hydrogen bonding interactions based on the presented benzene trisureas, the supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes can self-assemble into cylinders, which overcomes the challenge of a forced self-assembly of polymers forming cylindrical structures in water as the often-required hydrophobic shielding induces forces to minimize the surface area. The straightforward synthesis and versatile design rendered the presented systems an interesting blueprint for the development of more advanced supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes and multifunctional nanostructures. Moreover, Lin et al.[31] have prepared a series of side-chain supramolecular polymer complexes containing proton acceptor triblock copolymer hydrogen bonded with two generations of proton donor bent-core mesogenic dendritic pendants for investigation on the hierarchical self-assembly behaviors. It was confirmed that the hierarchical lamellar domains of corresponding tetragonal and hexagonal arrangements in different generations of dendritic proton donors were self-assembled with triblock copolymer proton acceptor to induce respective BCC (body-centered cubic) and FCC (face-centered cubic) structures. The shear alignments of characteristic cylindrical column phase micro-domains were developed for the first time to control the unique hierarchical constructions of functionalized self-assembled bent-core structures by utilization of various generations of dendritic proton donors to be hydrogen-bonded with triblock copolymer proton acceptor.
In addition to the experiments, theory and simulations were always utilized to study the self-assembly behaviors of supramolecular polymers as well as the properties of polymeric systems.[32−35] Xu and co-workers have conceptually designed the multicompartment gels with supramolecular characteristics, where the mechanical properties of supramolecular multicompartment gels under uniaxial tension are studied by coupling the dissipative particle dynamics simulations with the nonequilibrium deformation technique.[36] It was discovered that the high toughness and recovery properties of the supramolecular multicompartment gels are tightly related to the structural relaxation of grafts and the association-disassociation dynamics of hydrogen bonds. The reported simulations also reveal the physical origin of the distinct mechanical properties of the supramolecular gels, which would provide useful guidance for designing functional gels with superior toughness. Self-consistent field theory (SCFT), a powerful theory method successful in discovering the self-assembly behaviors of complex polymeric systems,[37−39] has already been applied to supramolecular polymers.[17,40−43] In our previous work, we have developed a self-consistent field theory coupled with the screened Poisson equation to study the supramolecular self-assembly behaviors of symmetric diblock copolymer blends with hydrogen bonding interactions described by Yukawa potentials in a more reasonable way.[40] It was found that the appearance of observed parallel/perpendicular lamellae-in-lamellae microstructures depends on the strength of hydrogen-bonding interactions related to the density of hydrogen bonds and the characteristic lengths of the Yukawa potentials. However, in the former published work, we only examined the supramolecular self-assembly behaviors of symmetric diblock copolymer blends. The developed SCFT method could be readily further applied to more complicated supramolecular polymeric systems with hydrogen bonding interactions, such as asymmetric diblock copolymer blends.
To compensate for the limitation, we use the former extended SCFT method coupled with Yukawa potentials to illustrate the supramolecular self-assembly behaviors of asymmetric diblock copolymer blends (AB/B’C) with hydrogen bonding interactions between shorter B and B’ blocks. Similarly, the hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors are modelled as two charged blocks smeared with opposite screened charges. The effect of hydrogen bonding density on the supramolecular self-assembly behaviors was examined. Two typical hierarchical microstructures, parallelly packed lamellae-in-lamellae (Lam) and 4.8.8 microstructures Archimedean tilling pattern (4.8.8), were observed at lower and higher hydrogen bonding density, where the 4.8.8 hierarchical microstructures prefer the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends with relatively stronger hydrogen bonding interactions. It also reveals that the formation of 4.8.8 hierarchical microstructures at stronger hydrogen bonding interactions is preferred by the optimization of electrostatic energy and the conformational entropy with the sacrifice of interfacial energy. The results obtained from the present work could provide a new strategy to comprehend the complex self-assembly behaviors of copolymers with supramolecular interactions and the mechanism behind the microphase transitions among the observed hierarchical microstructures.
METHODS AND MODEL
As shown in Fig. 1, the hydrogen bonding interactions between shorter B and B’ blocks are modelled by Yukawa potentials:

where η and λ are the two characteristic lengths of the Yukawa potential. The η is the amplitude of Yukawa potential related to the dielectric permittivity and the λ is the screening length that determines the range of Yukawa potential. The hydrogen bonding interactions attached blocks (B and B’) are smeared with opposite screened charges. The valence number and corresponding charge are denoted as zI and zIe, respectively, where I = A, B, B' and C, and e is the elementary charge. The AB and B’C diblock copolymers are assumed to be monodisperse with the same statistical segment length a. The total statistical segments of AB and B'C are NAB = N and NB'C = αN, respectively. For AB (B’C) diblock copolymers, the volume fractions of A and B (B’ and C) blocks are fA and fB (fB’ and fC), respectively. Thus, fA + fB = 1 and fB’ + fC = 1. Without exception for the simplicity of investigations, the AB and B'C diblock copolymers were treated to have the same volume-averaged fraction with equal length, i.e. cAB=cB'C=0.5, α=1 (or NAB=NB’C=N). The interaction strength between different blocks was set as χABN=χAB'N=χBCN=χB'CN=20, χACN=5, and χBB'N=5, where χIJ is the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter between I and J species. Then, we chose fA=fC=0.7, fB=fB’=0.3, zA=zC=0, zB=–zB'=1, θA=θC=0, θB=θB'=θ, γ=0.01, and λ=0.1, where θI denotes the charge density of the I block in the supramolecular diblock copolymer blends. Therefore, the only one mutable variable in the present studies is the charge density, denoted by θ.
In the present SCFT model, the hydrogen bonding interactions are described by Yukawa potentials, which manifests that the hydrogen bonding density can be reasonably measured by the charge density (θ). In the following work, we would not make a special distinction between the charge density and hydrogen bonding and just unify the usage of hydrogen bonding density (θ) for more straightforwardly describing the nature of the hydrogen bonding interactions. The theoretical framework of the extended SCFT has been described in detail in our previous work,[40] which was omitted in the paper but completely exhibited in the electronic supplementary information (ESI, S1. Self-consistent field theory).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Firstly, we examined the effect of hydrogen bonding density (θ) on the microphase behaviors of the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends (AB/B’C) with hydrogen bonding interactions between shorter B and B’ blocks. The hierarchical microstructures self-assembled from the supramolecular blends of asymmetric diblock copolymers (AB/B’C) at various θ were observed and shown in Fig. 2, where the blue, olive, green, and red colors are assigned to A, B, B’, and C domains formed by A, B, B’, and C blocks, respectively. The two typical hierarchical microstructures, parallelly packed hierarchical lamellae-in-lamellae (denoted by Lam, as shown in Figs. 2a and 2a’) and hierarchical microstructures with 4.8.8 Archimedean tilling pattern (denoted by 4.8.8, as shown in Figs. 2b and 2b’),[44] were obtained at hydrogen bonding density θ=0.20 and θ=0.50, respectively. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the A domains (blue color) and C domains (red color) are surrounded by B domains (olive color) and B’ domains (green color), respectively, which is reasonably due to the molecular architecture restriction of the covalent bonds connected AB and B’C diblock copolymers. The intermixed BB’ domains are formed by the contacted B and B’ blocks since the attractive associations via hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the two-dimensional density profiles (Figs. 2a’ and 2b’) were further marked by the yellow dot lines (the large-length-scale microstructures) and white lines (Archimedean tilling pattern for 4.8.8) to demonstrate the hierarchy of 4.8.8, which emphasizes the underlying order of the large-length-scale and small-length-scale microstructures. Not surprisingly, the observed hierarchical microstructures of Lam and 4.8.8 self-assembled from the supramolecular block copolymer blends or star-like triblock copolymers have also been numerously observed both in experiments and simulations.[44,45] However, the hierarchical microstructures with 4.8.8 Archimedean tilling pattern self-assembled from the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends with hydrogen bonding interactions were rarely concerned up to now, which is of great sense to understand the 4.8.8 as well as the formation mechanism behind the relationship between the hierarchical microstructures and the hydrogen bonding density, θ.

To get more deep insight into the self-assembled hierarchical microstructures, the one-dimensional density profiles of each block for Lam and 4.8.8 along the chosen x direction (indicated by white arrows) were analyzed, as illustrated in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. From Fig. 3, we can see that the hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors (i.e., B and B’ blocks) are separated into two microphase domains (denoted by B and B’ domains). Due to the covalently bonding restriction, the B and B’ blocks must localize at the two sides of A and C domains, respectively. As shown in Fig. 3(b) and Fig. S1 (in ESI, S2. One-dimensional density distributions), the A and C blocks are contacted with each other to form A/C interfaces, which is not particularly surprising due to the fact that the A/C contacts are energetically favored in terms of interfacial energy because of the frustrated interaction parameters: χACN=5<χABN=χAB’N=χBCN=χB’CN=20.

For the purpose of clarifying the microphase transition from Lam to 4.8.8 (i.e., the phase transition of Lam-to-4.8.8), we have calculated the variation of the free energies upon the formation of the obtained hierarchical microstructures of Lam and 4.8.8. Fig. 4 shows the changes of free energy for Lam and 4.8.8 as a function of hydrogen bonding density, θ. As can be seen from Fig. 4, the Lam is shown to be more stable than the 4.8.8 at relatively smaller value of hydrogen bonding density (θ), indicating that the hierarchical microstructures can be transformed from Lam to 4.8.8 with the increasing hydrogen bonding density, θ. The phase transition of Lam-to-4.8.8 is roughly at hydrogen bonding density θ=0.34, which is the intersection of the two free energy curves and also marked in Fig. 4. Because the increase in hydrogen bonding density (θ) leads to an increase in the attractive (i.e., hydrogen bonding) interactions between B and B’ blocks, implying that the hierarchical microstructures with 4.8.8 Archimedean tilling pattern are preferred for the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends with stronger hydrogen bonding interactions between shorter B and B’ blocks.

In order to further clarify the effect of hydrogen bonding strength on the hierarchical microstructures as well as the microphase transition of Lam-to-4.8.8, the domain spacings for the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends with various hydrogen bonding density densities (θ) were also studied. Fig. 5 shows the domain spacing D/Rg of the hierarchical microstructures of Lam and 4.8.8 as a function of hydrogen bonding density (θ) for the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends (AB/B’C). As can be seen, the increase in the hydrogen bonding density θ induces a slight decrease in lamellar domain spacing of both the large-length-scale (DLam) and small-length-scale (2DSLam) microstructures for Lam, which could be explained by the stronger associations between B and B’ blocks derived from the larger hydrogen bonding density. As the phase transforms from Lam to 4.8.8, the domain spacing of the small-length-scale microstructures (BB’ domains) shows a slight decrease while the domain spacing size of the large-length-scale microstructures decreases significantly. Besides, the discontinuous transformation (or abrupt transition) of the domain spacing of the large-length-scale microstructures further proves that the microphase transition of Lam-to-4.8.8 is the first-order phase transition. More interestingly, as the hydrogen bonding density increases beyond the phase transition point (θ=0.34), the domain spacing of the large-length-scale and small-length-scale microstructures for 4.8.8 (D4.8.8 and DS4.8.8) keeps almost unchanged. Note that the small-length-scale microstructures of 4.8.8 could provide more possible domains for forming hydrogen bonds.

Based on the above findings, we then explored the effect of hydrogen bonding density θ on the separation strength and interfacial width (denoted by w) between B and B’ blocks in the hierarchical microstructures of Lam, which is calculated by ϕB(x)–ϕB’(x) in the BB’ domains[40] and w=ΔϕB(dϕB/dx)−1 at the B/B’ interface (ΔϕB represents the value of the largest volume fraction of B blocks in Lam),[46,47] respectively. Notably, the separation strength |ϕB(x)−ϕB’(x)|=0 and 1 (or −1) represents that the B and B’ blocks are disordered and completely separated, respectively. As can be seen from Fig. 6(a), the separation strength ϕB(x)−ϕB’(x) shows a shift much closer to θ=0 as θ increases from 0.05 to 0.30, indicating that the larger hydrogen bonding density leads to weaker separation between B and B’ blocks because of the stronger association of B and B’ blocks through hydrogen bonding interactions. This could be also reflected by the variation of the interfacial width, w, as provided in Fig. 6(b). It can be seen that the B/B’ interfaces become broader as the hydrogen bonding density θ increases from 0.05 to 0.30, similarly suggesting that the microphase separation between B and B’ blocks is weaker at relatively larger hydrogen bonding density corresponding to the stronger hydrogen bonding interactions in the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends.

To further elaborate the effect of hydrogen bonding density, corresponding to the hydrogen bonding interaction strength, on the hierarchical microstructures (Lam and 4.8.8) as well as the microphase transition of Lam-to-4.8.8, the interfacial energy (Uχ/nkBT), electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT), and entropic loss (−S/nkB) for the supramolecular diblock copolymer blends as a function of hydrogen bonding density (θ) was analyzed and presented in Figs. 7(a)−7(c), respectively. As the hydrogen bonding density θ increases, i.e., as the hydrogen bonding interaction strengthens, the interfacial energy (Uχ/nkBT) increases, whereas the electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT) and entropy loss (−S/nkB) decreases prominently. It can be concluded that the increase of hydrogen bonding interactions is also beneficial to lower the electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT) and entropic loss (−S/nkB) in Lam which makes mainly contributions to stabilize the Lam at relatively stronger hydrogen bonding interactions under the microphase transition point (θ<0.34). When the hydrogen bonding density θ exceeds to the phase transition point of Lam-to-4.8.8 at hydrogen bonding density θ=0.34, the interfacial energy (Uχ/nkBT, Fig. 7a) shows an abrupt increase, while the electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT, Fig. 7b) and entropic loss (−S/nkB, Fig. 7c) simultaneously jumps down sharply to a lower value. In general, the microphase transition from Lam to 4.8.8 is advantageous for the electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT) and entropic loss (−S/nkB) but unfavorable for the interfacial energy (Uχ/nkBT).

According to the above results and discussion, we provided a scheme to illustrate the process of the microphase transition from Lam to 4.8.8, as illustrated in Fig. 8, in which the possible conformation of polymer chains of AB and B’C asymmetric diblock copolymers in different microstructures (Lam and 4.8.8) are sketched and mapped out. By combining the calculation of the domain spacing (Fig. 5), separation strength (Fig. 6a), interfacial width (Fig. 6b), interfacial energy (Uχ/nkBT, Fig. 7a), electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT, Fig. 7b), and entropic loss (−S/nkB, Fig. 7c), the microphase transition phenomenon that the Lam changes to 4.8.8 increasing in the hydrogen bonding interactions could be finally explained as follows. At lower hydrogen bonding interactions, the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends (AB/B’C) favor the parallelly packed hierarchical lamellae-in-lamellae microstructures (Lam) having the large domain spacing both in large-length-scale and small-length-scale microstructures (Fig. 5), where the hydrogen bonding associations between B and B’ blocks prevent the macroscopic phase separation between AB and B’C diblock copolymers. In the parallelly packed lamellar microstructures (i.e. Lam), the interfacial energy (Uχ/nkBT, in Fig. 7a) is optimized because the interfaces between immiscible blocks (A/B’, A/C, and B/C interfaces) could be maximally prohibited. However, the shorter B and B’ blocks must be strongly stretched in the small-length-scale microstructures (Figs. 8a and 8b) to form lamellar microstructures (i.e. BB’ lamellar domains) with comparable domain spacing to the large-length-scale lamellar microstructures (A and C lamellar domains), which significantly sacrifices the conformational entropy (Fig. 7c). With the increasing hydrogen bonding interactions (hydrogen bonding density, θ), the electrostatic energy prefers the attractive associations of B and B’ blocks through hydrogen bonding interactions (Figs. 8a to 8b), which weakens the separation between B and B’ blocks (i.e. decreases the separation strength and increases the interfacial width, as shown in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b), respectively) and narrows the lamellar domain spacing (DLam and DSLam, Fig. 5a). The specific area of B/B’ interfaces acting as the possible domains for forming the hydrogen bonds increases (Figs. 8a to 8b) and the interfacial energy also shift upwards to larger values (Fig. 7a). Thus, this is a process to make a profit out of the electrostatic attraction and conformational entropy but to lose the interfacial energy.

As the hydrogen bonding density θ increases to the microphase transition point (θ=0.34), the total free energy cannot be minimized in Lam due to the fact that the contributions of electrostatic energy (Ue/nkBT) and conformational entropy (or entropic loss, −S/nkB) are not able to compensate for the serious sacrifice of interfacial energy, and then the hierarchical microstructures with 4.4.8 Archimedean tilling pattern are energetically favorable. Compared with Lam, the 4.4.8 hierarchical microstructures provide more B/B’ interfaces for forming hydrogen bonds as indicated by the white regions in Fig. 8(c). What is noteworthy is that the hydrogen bonds are associated at the B/B’ interfaces parallel to the large-length-scale lamellae (A and C domains) in the Lam (marked by the while regions in Figs. 8a and 8b), while there are two crossed B/B’ interfaces in the 4.8.8 (marked by the while regions in Fig. 8c). As a result, the electrostatic energy and entropic loss plunges and earns profit (Figs. 7b and 7c). However, the additional A/C interfaces comes into being in the 4.4.8, resulting in a sudden rise in the interfacial energy (Fig. 8a). Moreover, for the 4.4.8 hierarchical microstructures, the domain spacing of the small-length-scale microstructures is relatively larger and the distribution of B/B’ interfaces is more dispersal (Fig. 8c), which is of great help to the chain conformation (Fig. 7c) and the formation of hydrogen bonds due to the larger area of B/B’ interfaces (Fig. 8c). Overall, the microphase transition from Lam to 4.8.8 is mainly attributed to the optimization of the electrostatic energy and conformational entropy through sacrificing the interfacial energy.
CONCLUSIONS
The extended self-consistent field theory was used to study the supramolecular self-assembly of asymmetric diblock copolymer blends (AB/B’C) with hydrogen bonding interactions between shorter B and B’ blocks, where the hydrogen bonding interactions were described by Yukawa potentials. The hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors were modelled as B and B’ blocks smeared with opposite screened charges. The hierarchical microstructures with parallelly packed lamellae-in-lamellae (Lam) and 4.8.8 microstructures Archimedean tilling pattern (4.8.8) were observed at lower and higher hydrogen bonding density. The 4.8.8 were found to be stable for the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer blends with stronger hydrogen bonding interactions corresponding to the higher hydrogen bonding density (i.e. charge density for Yukawa potential). The results and discussion reveal that the formation of hierarchical microstructures with 4.8.8 Archimedean tilling pattern for the supramolecular asymmetric diblock copolymer at stronger hydrogen bonding interactions is favorable to the electrostatic energy and the conformational entropy by sacrificing the interfacial energy. The obtained results can provide a new strategy to tailor the complex microphase behaviors of the supramolecular polymers as well as achieve the reasonable explanation for the microphase transitions among the observed hierarchical microstructures.
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